Description
Directions: Please use your textbook to answer both discussion questions.
You are required to solely use your textbook, Chapter 8 (Nationalism), in addition to the
documents form Scan B (attached file ) to answer the questions. No other outside sources are
required. The more details and analysis you use to write your responses, the more points you will
likely get. With this assignment, to get maximum points you will be required to incorporate
references to the documents from Scan B. You are graded on the originality of your response, the
depth you address from the readings, and critical thinking you bring to the discussion. Be sure
responses are in your own words, and your own work.Q 1: Discuss the relationship between the United States and Latin America
throughout the 1930’s? What global crises are impacting these relations, and how?Please include at least 1 key term (in Bold or Underlined) in this response. Responses should be
at least 200 words for this question.
Q 2: Looking at the sources (scan B), Wide and Alien is the World and the African
Roots of Cuban Music, why was it so important for writers such as Alegro and Ortiz to
underscore both elements of Indeginismo and non-European roots as expressed in The African
Roots of Cuban Music.
Please include at least 1 key term (in Bold or Underlined) in this response. Responses should be
at least 200 words for this question.
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EMBRACING PROGRESS
• Countries that were models of modernity installed it in Americas.
• Foreign investment and influence became so powerful.
• 1880–1930: neocolonial period
THE GREAT EXPORT BOOM
•
More than half century of rapid, sustained economic growth
•
Mexican trade increased 900 percent.
•
By 1900, Brazil produced two-thirds of coffee.
•
Cuba’s sugar production reached 5 million tons by 1929.
THE GREAT EXPORT BOOM
(CONT’D)
• Chilean nitrates, copper, iron worth hundreds of millions
• Argentina’s wheat exports increased 1,000 times by 1900.
• Smaller countries had their own version of an export boom.
NEW INFRASTRUCTURE
• Increase in railroads integral to boom
• Beneficiaries were large landowners and urban merchants.
• Land values soared with railroads.
• Merchants and workers with secondary functions in import/
export economy
• The middle class grew rapidly.
WHO BENEFITS?
• The majority of Latin Americans saw no benefit from progress.
• Railroads pushed peasants off land in Mexico.
• Displaced peasants = employees of landowners
• Indigenous people with communal land in Mexico now
forced out by landowners.
• Only 3 percent of Mexicans owned land in 1910.
• Most lived as peons on rural haciendas.
ARGENTINA’S BOOM
• Italian immigrants served as labor
for wheat production.
• Gauchos vanished from pampa.
• Trade in chilled beef more profitable
than dried beef.
LA AVENIDA DE
MAYO
COFFEE BOOM
• Coffee booms in the tropics.
• European immigrants needed in Brazil after the abolition of
slavery.
• El Salvador, Guatemala and southern Mexico
• Family farms grow some crops profitably.
SUGAR AND MINING
• Massive, industrialized operations
• Divided societies into rich and poor
• Sugar dominated in northern Brazil, coastal Peru, and Caribbean.
• Mining in Mexico, Peru, Bolivia, Chile
RUBBER BOOM IN AMAZONIA
• Latex sap used in United States for tires
• Rubber trade produced huge profits for international traders.
• In 1910, rubber accounted for a quarter of Brazil’s export earnings.
• Rubber boom ravaged indigenous communities.
• By 1920s, Malaysian rubber undercut price, killing the Amazon
industry.
BANANAS
• U.S. companies came to Caribbean basin in the 1880s–1890s.
• Banana companies had far greater economic power than host
countries.
• “Banana Republics”
• Contributed little to the development of host nations
MIGRATION TO CITIES
• Cities remained small.
• Migration from countryside and overseas
• Commercial, administrative, service centers
• Landowners spent export profits in cities.
EDUCATION
• Education was important to landowning families.
• Most studied law.
• Intended for politics
• Urbanization meant education
• Education opened doors to mixed-race people.
• Joaquim Maria Machado de Assis
• Rubén Dário
“ORDER AND PROGRESS”
•
Democracy takes back seat to export growth and progress.
•
“Scientific rule” by “best and brightest”
•
“Positivism” prescribes authoritarian rule for order and progress.
•
“Order and progress” becomes slogan on Brazilian flag.
AUTHORITARIAN RULE
• Government becomes more orderly.
• Tax revenue increases
• National armies and police receive modern weapons, training
• European military advisers
• Railroads and telegraphs
• Increased revenue increases size of government.
• Greater stability attracts foreign investment.
• Stable, authoritarian governments become the norm.
MANAGED ELECTIONS
• Keep rural majorities from influencing politics
• Tug of war between patronage networks
• Powerful named election officials
• Many ballots per person
• Landowners controlled votes of clients.
• Authorities disqualified rival’s clients from voting.
• Corruption protested, difficult to thwart
OLIGARCHIES AND
DICTATORSHIPS
• Oligarchies
• Rule by few
• Narrow ruling class of economic elites
• Dictatorships
• Rule by powerful individual
• Sometimes supported by managed elections
PORFIRIO DÍAZ
• Ruled Mexico from 1876–1911
• Epitome of neocolonial dictatorships in Latin America
• Founded rurales, to secure rural areas for foreign investors
NEOCOLONIAL BRAZIL
• Oligarchic
• Decentralized federation of twenty states
• Resistance in northeastern Brazil
• Peasants rioted
• Burned records and archives used to evict families who had
no title to land
• Bandits with Robin Hood reputations became folk heroes.
• Tradition of wandering holy men
FEMINISM
•
Rise of feminist movements
•
Feminist movements emerge where international influence was
greatest.
• Patriarchy was largely unchallenged in rural areas.
• Many feminist leaders had non-Iberian surnames.
• Paulina Luisi of Uruguay
• Berta Lutz
COLONIALISM
•
Until the late 1800s, Britain was most powerful in Latin America.
• Military exploits were limited.
• Commercial and financial expansion
•
U.S. involvement began to displace British in 1890s.
U.S. INTERVENTION IN CUBA
• In 1898, United States declares war on Spain and intervenes in
Cuba.
• Outcome of the war benefits U.S. economic and strategic interests.
U.S. FOREIGN POLICY
• Theodore Roosevelt
• War in Cuba boosted political career
• As president, acquired U.S. base in Panama
• U.S. attitudes toward Latin Americans shaped by racial prejudice.
• Rudyard Kipling’s “white man’s burden”
• Roosevelt Corollary
• U.S. newspapers caricature Latin American nations
• Intervention needed to discipline Latin America
NEOCOLONIAL
INVESTMENTS AND
INTERVENTIONS
PAN-AMERICAN UNION
• Promote free trade
• Initially composed of ambassadors to the United States
• Pan-American conferences
PROTESTS
• Latin American protest
• U.S. intervened in Cuba, Puerto Rico, Panama, Nicaragua,
Haiti, and Dominican Republic.
• U.S. engaged in a war with Nicaraguan rebels.
• Augusto Sandino
• Latin American writers protest.
• Darío condemns “Godless” Roosevelt.
• José Martí defends “our America.”
• José Enrique Rodó
• The rise of cinema helped bind Latin America to the United
States.
THE GREAT DEPRESSION
•
The neocolonial model was shattered by the depression.
•
U.S. market crashed in 1929.
•
Demand for Latin American exports plummeted.
•
The importation of progress halted.
MASS MOVEMENT
•
Mass movement of laborers from southern Europe
•
Nine-tenths of immigrants went to the Southern Cone countries.
•
Climate for farming allow European crops
•
Land sparsely settled
•
The poorest colonial areas would become the richest parts of
Latin America.
MIGRATION TO LATIN AMERICA
ARGENTINA
• Five million European immigrants
• Half of the population of Buenos Aires was European in 1914.
• Italian, Spanish, Irish, Jewish, German, Austrian, French, English,
and Swiss
• Conventillos
• Many immigrants began as farmers, then moved to Buenos Aires.
• Tango lyrics written in lunfardo.
NEW IMMIGRATION
• Southern Brazil
• Italy, Portugal, Spain, Germany, eastern European Jews
• São Paulo attracted Japanese immigrants.
• Ethnic colonies emerged in the south as immigrants were
granted land.
• Spanish immigration to Cuba
• Middle Eastern immigrants all over the region
EMBRACING PROGRESS
• Countries that were models of modernity installed it in Americas.
• Foreign investment and influence became so powerful.
• 1880–1930: neocolonial period
THE GREAT EXPORT BOOM
•
More than half century of rapid, sustained economic growth
•
Mexican trade increased 900 percent.
•
By 1900, Brazil produced two-thirds of coffee.
•
Cuba’s sugar production reached 5 million tons by 1929.
THE GREAT EXPORT BOOM
(CONT’D)
• Chilean nitrates, copper, iron worth hundreds of millions
• Argentina’s wheat exports increased 1,000 times by 1900.
• Smaller countries had their own version of an export boom.
NEW INFRASTRUCTURE
• Increase in railroads integral to boom
• Beneficiaries were large landowners and urban merchants.
• Land values soared with railroads.
• Merchants and workers with secondary functions in import/
export economy
• The middle class grew rapidly.
WHO BENEFITS?
• The majority of Latin Americans saw no benefit from progress.
• Railroads pushed peasants off land in Mexico.
• Displaced peasants = employees of landowners
• Indigenous people with communal land in Mexico now
forced out by landowners.
• Only 3 percent of Mexicans owned land in 1910.
• Most lived as peons on rural haciendas.
ARGENTINA’S BOOM
• Italian immigrants served as labor
for wheat production.
• Gauchos vanished from pampa.
• Trade in chilled beef more profitable
than dried beef.
LA AVENIDA DE
MAYO
COFFEE BOOM
• Coffee booms in the tropics.
• European immigrants needed in Brazil after the abolition of
slavery.
• El Salvador, Guatemala and southern Mexico
• Family farms grow some crops profitably.
SUGAR AND MINING
• Massive, industrialized operations
• Divided societies into rich and poor
• Sugar dominated in northern Brazil, coastal Peru, and Caribbean.
• Mining in Mexico, Peru, Bolivia, Chile
RUBBER BOOM IN AMAZONIA
• Latex sap used in United States for tires
• Rubber trade produced huge profits for international traders.
• In 1910, rubber accounted for a quarter of Brazil’s export earnings.
• Rubber boom ravaged indigenous communities.
• By 1920s, Malaysian rubber undercut price, killing the Amazon
industry.
BANANAS
• U.S. companies came to Caribbean basin in the 1880s–1890s.
• Banana companies had far greater economic power than host
countries.
• “Banana Republics”
• Contributed little to the development of host nations
MIGRATION TO CITIES
• Cities remained small.
• Migration from countryside and overseas
• Commercial, administrative, service centers
• Landowners spent export profits in cities.
EDUCATION
• Education was important to landowning families.
• Most studied law.
• Intended for politics
• Urbanization meant education
• Education opened doors to mixed-race people.
• Joaquim Maria Machado de Assis
• Rubén Dário
“ORDER AND PROGRESS”
•
Democracy takes back seat to export growth and progress.
•
“Scientific rule” by “best and brightest”
•
“Positivism” prescribes authoritarian rule for order and progress.
•
“Order and progress” becomes slogan on Brazilian flag.
AUTHORITARIAN RULE
• Government becomes more orderly.
• Tax revenue increases
• National armies and police receive modern weapons, training
• European military advisers
• Railroads and telegraphs
• Increased revenue increases size of government.
• Greater stability attracts foreign investment.
• Stable, authoritarian governments become the norm.
MANAGED ELECTIONS
• Keep rural majorities from influencing politics
• Tug of war between patronage networks
• Powerful named election officials
• Many ballots per person
• Landowners controlled votes of clients.
• Authorities disqualified rival’s clients from voting.
• Corruption protested, difficult to thwart
OLIGARCHIES AND
DICTATORSHIPS
• Oligarchies
• Rule by few
• Narrow ruling class of economic elites
• Dictatorships
• Rule by powerful individual
• Sometimes supported by managed elections
PORFIRIO DÍAZ
• Ruled Mexico from 1876–1911
• Epitome of neocolonial dictatorships in Latin America
• Founded rurales, to secure rural areas for foreign investors
NEOCOLONIAL BRAZIL
• Oligarchic
• Decentralized federation of twenty states
• Resistance in northeastern Brazil
• Peasants rioted
• Burned records and archives used to evict families who had
no title to land
• Bandits with Robin Hood reputations became folk heroes.
• Tradition of wandering holy men
FEMINISM
•
Rise of feminist movements
•
Feminist movements emerge where international influence was
greatest.
• Patriarchy was largely unchallenged in rural areas.
• Many feminist leaders had non-Iberian surnames.
• Paulina Luisi of Uruguay
• Berta Lutz
COLONIALISM
•
Until the late 1800s, Britain was most powerful in Latin America.
• Military exploits were limited.
• Commercial and financial expansion
•
U.S. involvement began to displace British in 1890s.
U.S. INTERVENTION IN CUBA
• In 1898, United States declares war on Spain and intervenes in
Cuba.
• Outcome of the war benefits U.S. economic and strategic interests.
U.S. FOREIGN POLICY
• Theodore Roosevelt
• War in Cuba boosted political career
• As president, acquired U.S. base in Panama
• U.S. attitudes toward Latin Americans shaped by racial prejudice.
• Rudyard Kipling’s “white man’s burden”
• Roosevelt Corollary
• U.S. newspapers caricature Latin American nations
• Intervention needed to discipline Latin America
NEOCOLONIAL
INVESTMENTS AND
INTERVENTIONS
PAN-AMERICAN UNION
• Promote free trade
• Initially composed of ambassadors to the United States
• Pan-American conferences
PROTESTS
• Latin American protest
• U.S. intervened in Cuba, Puerto Rico, Panama, Nicaragua,
Haiti, and Dominican Republic.
• U.S. engaged in a war with Nicaraguan rebels.
• Augusto Sandino
• Latin American writers protest.
• Darío condemns “Godless” Roosevelt.
• José Martí defends “our America.”
• José Enrique Rodó
• The rise of cinema helped bind Latin America to the United
States.
THE GREAT DEPRESSION
•
The neocolonial model was shattered by the depression.
•
U.S. market crashed in 1929.
•
Demand for Latin American exports plummeted.
•
The importation of progress halted.
MASS MOVEMENT
•
Mass movement of laborers from southern Europe
•
Nine-tenths of immigrants went to the Southern Cone countries.
•
Climate for farming allow European crops
•
Land sparsely settled
•
The poorest colonial areas would become the richest parts of
Latin America.
MIGRATION TO LATIN AMERICA
ARGENTINA
• Five million European immigrants
• Half of the population of Buenos Aires was European in 1914.
• Italian, Spanish, Irish, Jewish, German, Austrian, French, English,
and Swiss
• Conventillos
• Many immigrants began as farmers, then moved to Buenos Aires.
• Tango lyrics written in lunfardo.
NEW IMMIGRATION
• Southern Brazil
• Italy, Portugal, Spain, Germany, eastern European Jews
• São Paulo attracted Japanese immigrants.
• Ethnic colonies emerged in the south as immigrants were
granted land.
• Spanish immigration to Cuba
• Middle Eastern immigrants all over the region
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