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Here are 3 readings, you can read and help me answer the question in folder I attached.1. Indigenous AmericaTo the people who had lived in the Americas for millennia, the idea that theirs was a “New World” would have seemed strange. Scientists continue to debate when the first people arrived in the Americas from Asia, but estimates range from between 40,000 and 14,000 years ago. In the millennia that followed, the peoples of the Americas fanned out and established a range of societies.Yet to the Europeans who arrived in the Americas toward the end of the fifteenth century, America was indeed a “brave new world,” as William Shakespeare wrote, inhabited by exotic plants, animals, and peoples. In images and words, Europeans portrayed this extraordinary land in the most fantastic terms. Some accounts spoke of America as an Eden-like earthly paradise inhabited by good-natured, but primitive, peoples. Others emphasized themes like those featured in the below engraving, Amerigo Vespucci Awakens a Sleeping America.Vespucci, an Italian-Spanish navigator from whose first name the New World came to be called the Americas, gazes upon a naked native woman rising from her hammock. Her nudity symbolizes the wild sexuality Europeans believed characterized the native inhabitants of the Americas. The cannibals behind her, devouring human flesh, represent savagery, a second prominent element of the European vision of the New World. Neither vision of the Americas was accurate, but both would greatly complicate Europeans’ understanding of the American civilizations they encountered, leading to a legacy of violence, exploitation, and conquest.The European arrival in the Americas was part of a process of exploration and colonization pursued primarily by Portugal, Spain, France, and England. This impulse was driven both by a hunger for riches as well as by profound changes in European society, religion, economics, and politics brought on by the Renaissance and Reformation. Africa was eventually drawn into this vast trading network encompassing the entire Atlantic world. Colonization almost always involved the severe exploitation of native peoples, including dispossession of land and coerced labor. Eventually, Europeans turned to the international slave trade and the labor of enslaved Africans to draw wealth from the mines and fields of the New World.2. Colliding CulturesSpain’s opening ventures in the Americas had been wildly successful, making the Iberian kingdom the envy of the world. Hoping to cash in on the bounty, other European nations challenged Spain’s monopoly on American colonization, creating an outward explosion. Although slow to consolidate an imperial presence in North America, England was the first to confront the Spanish in force, wounding them severely. France and the Netherlands took advantage of the situation and also began building their own American empires.For Native Americans, the entry of Europeans into their realms combined with other forces created an air of crisis. Presented with a series of new challenges, Indians sought new ways to solve their problems and created altogether new societies. This often involved difficult choices: perhaps allying with the newcomers, resisting them, or fleeing. As different groups exercised different options, the outcome was a historically dynamic world of interaction involving all of the societies that were coming together in North America.This dynamic interaction yielded interesting fruit. In New Spain, New France, New Netherlands, and New England, truly cosmopolitan societies emerged. Bearing cultural traits and material goods from throughout the world, these new transatlantic societies set the tone for future development in North America.3. British North AmericaIn 1607, the English created their first permanent colony at Jamestown. By 1732, thirteen English colonies hugged the coast of the Atlantic Ocean. Some, like Maryland, Pennsylvania, and Massachusetts, were founded as religious refugees; others were founded for profit. Three distinct regions soon emerged, based primarily on how the settlers made their living.Virginia, Maryland, the Carolinas, and Georgia made up the Southern colonial region, Here tobacco shaped every aspect of life. Thousands of poor young Englishmen were brought over to work in the tobacco fields. They came as indentured servants, working without pay in exchange for passage to America. Few women were recruited, and the combination of an unbalanced sex ratio and frequent deaths caused by an unhealthy climate, grueling labor, and poor diet led the southern colonies to use African slave labor, which resulted in the plantation owners becoming the richest group in British North America.Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, and later New Hampshire made up the New England colonies, with their small farms and shipping and lumbering industries. Here the earliest dissenters sought religious freedom and by 1630, they demanded conformity to their Puritan religious views and drove out those who challenged them, especially Quakers. In 1691, Massachusetts was taken over by the King, and the Puritans’ religious experiment ended. The anxiety produced by this political change coupled with economic tensions and Indian attacks on the frontier all contributed to the Salem witch hunts of 1691.The Middle colonial region was originally settled by the Dutch and the Swedes, but the English seized the area in 1664. New Sweden and New Netherlands became New Jersey and New York. In 1681 William Penn created the colony of Pennsylvania, west of New Jersey, as a home for Quakers. Unlike the Puritans of New England, however, he welcomed people of all faiths into his “holy experiment.” The Middle Colonies were noted for their diverse populations and policies of religious tolerance.
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THINKING LIKE A HISTORIAN
Quiz 1 covers material from Unit 1.
Part One: Indigenous America.
I. Summarize the section “The First Americans” located in the textbook chapter, Indigenous
America. For help with writing a summary please see:
https://www.kellogg.edu/upload/eng151/chapter/how-to-write-a-summary/index.html
II. Students need to read the following primary sources located in the Indigenous America
Reader. Then, answer the questions for each primary source reading.
Journal of Christopher Columbus (1492)
1.
2.
3.
4.
What kind of primary source is it? (e.g., newspaper, pamphlet, court document, letter)
What is the date or approximate date of the source, and where was it created?
Who was Christopher Columbus?
What was his intention for creating the source, and who was/were the intended
audience(s)?
5. What does the source say?
Bartolomé de Las Casas Describes the Exploitation of Indigenous Peoples (1542)
1.
2.
3.
4.
What kind of primary source is it? (e.g., newspaper, pamphlet, court document, letter)
What is the date or approximate date of the source, and where was it created?
Who was Bartolomé de Las Casas?
What was his intention for creating the source, and who was/were the intended
audience(s)?
5. What does the source say?
The story of the Virgin of Guadalupe
1. What kind of primary source is it? (e.g., newspaper, pamphlet, court document, letter)
2. What is the date or approximate date of the source, and where was it created?
3. Who is the author/creator of the source? (This could be an individual or unknown person,
a committee, editorial board, government agency, etc.)
4. What was their intention for creating the source, and who was/were the intended
audience(s)?
5. What does the source say?
III. How did Spanish colonization impact the indigenous population of the Americas during the
16th century? Short answer response needs to be a minimum of 5-7 sentences.
1
THINKING LIKE A HISTORIAN
Part Two: Colliding Cultures.
I. Students need to read the following primary sources located in the Colliding Cultures Reader
and then answer the questions.
Richard Hakluyt makes the case for English colonization (1584), John Winthrop dreams of a city
on a hill (1630), John Lawson encounters Native Americans (1709), A Gaspesian man defends
his way of life (1641), The legend of Moshup (1830), Accusations of witchcraft (1692, 1706),
Manuel Trujillo Accuses Asencio Povia and Antonio Yuba of Sodomy (1731)
Answer the following questions in complete sentences.
1.
2.
3.
4.
What arguments did Hakluyt make for English colonization in the Americas?
What was John Winthrop’s role in establishing the Massachusetts Bay colony?
What can historians learn from John Lawson’s notes on North American Indians?
According to a Gaspesian Indian, why was Native American life better than European
life?
5. What do folk tales like “The Legend of Moshup” teach us about Native American
culture?
6. After reading “Accusations of witchcraft,” what gender was mainly associated with
witchcraft in colonial America?
7. How were acts of homosexuality in colonial America treated?
II. Compare and contrast Spanish colonization to English colonization in North America during
the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Some discussion topics may include the treatment of
Native Americans, religion, time period, reasons for colonizing, and location. There is no word
requirement; write as much as you think necessary to effectively present your interpretation of
Spanish and English colonization in North America.
2
THINKING LIKE A HISTORIAN
Part Three: British North America.
I. Students need to choose ONE primary source from the British North America Reader and
answer the following questions in complete sentences.
1. What kind of primary source is it? (e.g., newspaper, pamphlet, court document, letter)
2. What is the date or approximate date of the source, and where was it created?
3. Who is the author/creator of the source? (This could be a name or unknown person, a
committee, editorial board, government agency, etc.)
4. What was their intention for creating the source, and who was/were the intended
audience(s)?
5. What does the source say?
6. What does the source tell you about British North America?
II. Summarize the section “II. Slavery and the Making of Race” located in the textbook chapter,
British North America. For help with writing a summary please see:
https://www.kellogg.edu/upload/eng151/chapter/how-to-write-a-summary/index.html
III. Summarize the section “IV. New Colonies” located in the textbook chapter, British North
America. For help with writing a summary please see:
https://www.kellogg.edu/upload/eng151/chapter/how-to-write-a-summary/index.html
IV. Describe something you found interesting from Unit I.
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